Kenya Leverages Geothermal Energy To Advance Direct Air Carbon Capture And Climate Action

Sitting astride the Great Rift Valley, a tectonic scar running around 7,000km down Eastern Africa, Kenya generates almost half its energy from geothermal plants, which spew out an abundance of excess heat and cheap energy.

That makes it well-positioned to pioneer the use of Direct Air Carbon Capture, said Hannah Wanjau, an engineer at Octavia Carbon, which designed and built the machines.

DACC is an energy-intensive process that sucks air across a chemical filter, which, when saturated with the greenhouse gas, is heated in a vacuum to release the CO₂, which can be bottled or stored underground.

East Africa's most developed economy also benefits from a surfeit of scientists and engineers thanks to the government's focus on and investment in universal education.

Daunting task

Octavia harnesses Kenya's excess geothermal steam to operate its machinery cost-effectively, while basalt rock formations are conducive to storing the carbon dioxide safely for long periods, said Wanjau.

"We've already seen the effects of climate change, so we want something that's going to work very fast, and remove huge amounts of CO₂," she said.

Each of Octavia's prototype machines captures about 10 tonnes of CO₂ per year, akin to around 1,000 trees, which it can trade as carbon credits sought by businesses and governments to offset their harmful emissions.

The scale of the task is daunting, however.

Around seven to nine billion tons of CO₂ will need to be removed from the atmosphere every year by the middle of this century if the world is to prevent global temperatures exceeding a 1.5°C rise above pre-industrial levels, according to a report co-authored by researchers at the University of Oxford.

Action to date has fallen far short of the deep emissions cuts that would achieve the goal set out by world leaders at the 2015 Paris climate accord. Last year was the first to breach 1.5 °C of warming.

"Critics would be right to point out that what we currently do is a drop in the ocean," said Octavia Carbon's co-founder Martin Freimüller, who plans to commission a 1,000-tonne per year plant by next year.

"But the point is that scaling from 1,000 tonnes (of carbon dioxide) to a billion tonnes, still starts with 1,000 tonnes."

'Greenwashing

Greenpeace and other environmental campaign groups say the carbon capture industry is used by oil and gas companies as a form of 'greenwashing' to justify slowing the transition from fossil fuels to clean energy solutions.

However, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says that while reducing the use of fossil fuels remains a top priority, carbon capture will be necessary to reduce residual emissions from sectors that are hard to decarbonise, like cement and steel production.

Octavia has struck a deal with Cella Mineral Storage, a New York-registered start-up, which means Kenya could become the second country in the world, after Iceland, to inject air-captured CO₂ below ground early next year.

Octavia has already contracted some $3m of carbon credits, roughly half of which has been prepaid, for around 40% of the lifetime capacity of the planned DACC plant, Freimüller said.

"The world often thinks about Africa still as a hapless victim of climate change," he said, referring to the increasing intensity of the floods and droughts affecting the continent.

Octavia Carbon wants to show the world that Africa can also help fix the problem, he said.

"Technology made in Kenya and developed in Kenya, for the use of the world."