The development of trenchless technology to rehabilitate existing underground infrastructure with minimal disruption to surface traffic, business, and other activities has left a lasting impact on the construction and civil engineering industries. As the name denotes, trenchless technology requires few or no trenches to be dug in order for the maintenance work to be done and can be defined as "a family of methods, materials, and equipment capable of being used for the installation of new or replacement or rehabilitation of existing underground infrastructure”. 

Because trenchless technology greatly reduces the need for invasive excavations, it has a much smaller impact on the surrounding environment, both ecologically and socially. Residential neighbourhoods remain unscathed, commercial districts don’t have to deal with loss of business and rural regions remain undisturbed. Noise and air pollution are also kept to a minimum and rehabilitation time is short.

“In the past, problems caused by aged and damaged sewer and stormwater lines meant digging up and repairing or replacing each section of pipe that needed attention. Completing repairs this way is labour-intensive and costly, not to mention destruction to the surrounding landscape. Now, thanks to modern pipeline trenchless rehabilitation technologies like HDPE pipe lining repair and pipe bursting, we have a cost-effective and more sustainable way to go about repairing pipelines,” says Jan Venter, Chief Executive Officer of the Southern African Plastic Pipe Manufacturers Association (SAPPMA).

As the use of trenchless technology continues to grow popularity and use, so too does the importance of using top quality pipe material that meet the specific requirements of the particular technique being used. For this reason, a sound working relationship exists between the Southern African Association of Trenchless Technology (SASTT) and SAPPMA, whereby the one association focuses on the installation techniques and the latter on the quality and type of materials used.

“The plastics pipe industry is a strategic industry, where hardware needs to be reliable for extended periods of time. According to industry standards, quality plastic pipe should endure in excess of 100 years without failure. For this reason, SAPPMA’s vision is to ensure long term product quality of the materials used – whether it is in standard pipe installations or trenchless technology applications,” Venter explains.

When it comes to trenchless technology, there are many different methods to choose from. However, the two most commonly used applications are:

Pipe Lining: This involves pulling or inverting a new liner into an existing pipe, then applying heat and/or pressure to force the liner to expand and fill the pipe.

Pipe Bursting: This involves fracturing a pipe from the inside and forcing the fragments outwards while a new pipe is drawn in to replace the old pipe

Most of the services that currently provide trenchless techniques, are for reticulation and collector systems of up to 450 mm in diameter. These installations involve the pulling, pushing or expanding of pipes or pipe components into place. Deteriorated pipelines are rehabilitated using various types of slip lining and directional drilling, while existing pipelines can be upsized using pipe bursting and its derivatives.

Thanks to the many benefits it presents in terms of cost-effectiveness, minimised environmental impact and safer procedures, using HDPE pipes in trenchless technology is rapidly becoming the preferred method of rehabilitating pipelines in the construction and civil engineering space. Not only do these pipes offer a 100-year design life, but they also offer solutions to major industry challenges such as corrosion and high leakage rates.

“HDPE pipes are ideal for pulling through long, underground holes as they are flexible, robust and resistant to almost all aggressive elements. These plastic pipes offer a new generation of leak proof, maintenance free and energy efficient pipeline systems that are chemical and abrasion resistant and therefore excellent for use in the lining and relining of pipelines, slurry applications, water reticulation, sewer and storm water systems, the mining industry and in Dolomite areas,” Venter explains.

Another prominent feature of HDPE pipe is the fact that it is available in a wide variety of jointing systems to suit almost any application and installation method, both new and existing. These pipes as can be welded into long continuous lengths before being pulled into place and are available in diameters ranging from 16mm up to 1000mm, and in pressure ranges from PN2.5 to PN25 in PE100. “In order to ensure that the plastic pipes used in trenchless technology applications are manufactured according to international quality standards, SAPPMA has adopted the International Standards Organisation’s (ISO) standards for setting the quality of thermoplastic (in particular HDPE and PVC) pipes, which have been published as SANS/ISO standards. When we audit our member companies, we ensure that their pipes meet these specified, stringent quality standards before they are allowed to carry the SAPPMA mark of approval, in addition to that of a product certification body such as South African Technical Auditing Services (SATAS) or the SABS”.

“We believe that by ensuring that contractors are supplied with piping that meets the high quality standards required for trenchless installations, SAPPMA is playing an important role in supporting the country’s trenchless industry,” Venter concludes.

For more information, visit www.sappma.co.za

Sources:Alaster Goyns – Pipes CC – Email address: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.; http://marleypipesystems.co.za;

https://media.ngage.co.zahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenchless_technology

The Southern African Plastic Pipe Manufacturers Association (SAPPMA) has reiterated its insistence that only top quality pipes manufactured by members who adhere to the association’s Code of Conduct and who meet the stringent quality standards, will be allowed to bear the SAPPMA mark.

According to Jan Venter, SAPPMA’s Chief Executive Officer, board members have taken a conscious decision during a recent strategic planning session, to sharpen their focus on quality and to take a no-nonsense, uncompromising stand when it comes to pipe manufacturers who fail to comply or are found guilty of misconduct.

“It has always been SAPPMA’s mandate to ensure that our members only produce and market top quality products that are fully compliant to all relevant standards and specifications, to promote and ensure ethical business activities in all areas of operation and to ensure that the SAPPMA mark is used to clearly differentiate between quality producers and others,” Venter says.

The association reports that they have not hesitated to act against members who were found guilty of taking short-cuts or failed to meet their standards during various announced and unannounced factory audits.

“Due to enormous expenditure on research and development by polymer manufacturers, modern pipe grade materials have such excellent properties that it is now impossible for any pipe engineer to ignore them. This is highlighted by the dominant market position of plastic pipe in just about all pressure water and gas pipe as well as sewerage applications. However, the plastic pipe industry is also facing growing temptation to cut corners for the sake of saving a few Rands. A combination of factors, such as the failure of the SABS, the big gap that exists between supply and demand, margins have come under pressure and rising raw material prices, have exasperated this problem with HDPE pipe in particular,” he explains.

However, SAPPMA remains resolute in its decision not to lower standards or to turn a blind eye when members are found guilty of non-compliance, even if it runs the risk of losing long-term members through expulsion.

“We represent more than 80 % of the pipe manufacturers in South Africa who have all agreed to our Code of Conduct and voluntarily committed themselves to maintain the highest ethical standards in all their professional dealings. Seeing the SAPPMA mark displayed on pipes therefore gives the quality assurance that the product will last in excess of 100 years without failure because it was manufactured according to the highest quality standards. We are willing to lose members and make the unpopular, hard decisions to ensure that the integrity of our brand, our name and our industry remain intact”.

SAPPMA urges specifying engineers and decision makers to ensure that they insist on SAPPMA or IFPA membership when drawing up specification, and that only pipes bearing the association’s logo be used for projects. They also encourage the public or concerned parties to submit pipes for independent testing should they have concerns about irregular or sub-standard pipe.

“There is a clear difference between pipes bearing the SAPPMA logo and that were manufactured by our 5-star members, versus cheap imports or locally produced pipes that used inferior-quality raw materials or include recycled content. Time will soon tell when pipes are of poor quality, but this is an expensive and disruptive mistake to rectify and one that can easily be avoided,” Venter concludes.

For view a list of SAPPMA members or for more information on the Association’s activities, visit www.sappma.co.za

South Africa is currently in the grips of one of the worst droughts in decades, with five of the country’s provinces already declared drought disaster areas. The Western Cape, and Northern and Eastern Cape and Limpopo are the areas facing the most serious lack of water, with the Mother City counting down the days to the predicted “Day Zero”, when the province’s taps will run dry.

Could the problem have been avoided?

Whilst environmental factors such as El Niño and climate change are to a large extent to blame for the country’s crippling water woes, the Southern African Plastic Pipe Manufactures Association (SAPPMA) says that lacking and aging water infrastructure has exasperated the problem.

“We have started to sound the first alarm bells as early as 2010 over the lacking water infrastructure and the failure by local municipalities around the country to invest in upgrading and replacing their pipelines. We saw signs of severe water losses in distribution caused by water leaks and wastage many years before the crisis reached its full impact,” says Jan Venter, Chairman of the SAPPMA – a non-profit association that represents more than 80 % of the plastic pipe produced in South Africa and focuses its efforts on ensuring pipe systems that are leak-free and durable for long-term use. It also focuses on the rehabilitation of old pipelines.

Venter confirms that the impacts of the severe drought could have been negated had their calls for water infrastructure improvements been heeded earlier by the authorities.

“Pipelines lie at the heart of South Africa’s infrastructure and must be replaced before they fail. Water distribution, waste disposal, irrigation and telecommunications all rely on pipelines to function. However, the majority of South Africa’s pipelines were installed in the early 1950’s and 1960’s, and were manufactured from cement, asbestos or steel.  These old pipes have an economic lifespan of a maximum of 50 years and have long since corroded and disintegrated.  This became evident many years ago as we started seeing an increase in water leaks and disrupted water supplies around the country. Millions of liters of treated water have been going lost every year,” he says.

Municipal investments into improving water infrastructure

Towards the end of 2017, the City of Cape Town announced plans to spend R8 billion on its water infrastructure over the next 10 years. According to Anic Smit, Head of Planning, Design and Projects of the City of Cape Town's water reticulation services, the city has invested R1.2bn on water engineering, refurbishment and replacement infrastructure during the 2015/16 financial year. “Intensive planning has already taken place to allow for the scale (and cost) of new and upgraded infrastructure, as well as a number of projects to avert the drought situation. These include desalination plants, groundwater extraction and treated effluent reuse,” Smit said.

During the past 12 months alone, the CoCT has spent at least R500 million on replacing aging infrastructure, repair burst pipes and expand pipelines in and around the Mother City. “We have installed more than 40 km of HDPE pipes by pipe cracking and open trench methods,” Smit said. “In many cases we have opted for trenchless pipeline methods to fix burst pipes for both water and sewer mains as part of the City of Cape Town’s pipeline replacement initiatives. This reduces the overall project time and proves less disruptive and inconvenient for local residents and road users and allows us to replace long lengths of pipe without digging long trenches”.

The CoCT also supports the recently unveiled master plan by the Department of Water Affairs and Sanitation, entitled “War on Leaks”, whereby national government aims to reduce municipal water losses estimated at R7,2 billion a year due to leaking pipes, from 35% to 15%.

Plastic pipes vs other materials

“We prefer using plastic pipes and pipe fittings for our City’s infrastructure, because international studies have proven that these pipes last in excess of 100 years. In this regard we follow the example of international metropoles such as London and Sydney where HDPE pipes are being used to replace old infrastructure. When manufactured correctly and meet international standards, these pipes are cheaper, quicker and easier to install, do not rust, the joints are leak-proof (if installed correctly) and have lower failure rates than pipes made from alternative materials,” Smit says.

For this reason, the CoCT insists that all HDPE and PVC pressure pipes being installed bear the SAPPMA mark as guarantee that the pipes comply with the relevant national & international quality standards.

“We have revised our tender requirements and specifications to include SAPPMA as an additional quality reassurance measure. In addition, we are also insisting that all bends on HDPE pipes comply with SANS 6269 and that pipe installers have valid IFPA certificates as it gives us a guarantee and the necessary peace of mind that the pipes we are installing comply with international standards and will be able to do the job for many years to come without the risk of pipe failure”. plastic pipes and drought twoVenter adds that HDPE and PVC pipes also offer low frictional resistance. “Their hydraulic properties remain virtually unchanged over its useful life, resulting in lower energy use and pumping costs. Because they are also available in a range of sizes and pressure ratings, are lightweight and easy to handle and to join, it is little wonder that they are the preferred material for modern infrastructure,” the SAPPMA CEO says.

Looking ahead and planning for years to come

Commenting on how the Cape Town drought has impacted the future outlook for the rest of southern Africa, Venter says: “It is indeed a very sad reality that our country is currently facing. Because this water shortage will undoubtedly affect the rest of the country’s economy and the way we look at our water resources in future, it is important that we all work closely together to get out of this crisis and prevent a repeat scenario in the years to come.

Apart from relying on plastic pipes to bring the much-needed water from water sources such as desalination plants to communities in the very near future, we also have plan for the long term. Areas elsewhere in the country where water and rainfall are still in abundance, should learn from the lessons learnt by the Western Cape and ensure that they have upgraded their water infrastructure with HDPE and PVC pipes bearing the SAPPMA mark. Investing in replacing old and failing pipes today will allow us to save enough purified water to significantly reduce the impact and long-term effects of the below average rainfall which we are expecting to become the new normal. Consumers, engineers and other decision makers must empower themselves with knowledge and information on the benefits of using plastic pipes versus other materials,” Venter concluded.

www.sappma.co.za

SAPPMA’s (Southern African Plastic Pipe Manufacturers Association) PIPES XI Conference that took place at Emperors Palace in Gauteng this past week (4-5 September 2017) has set the bar high for the future of South Africa’s water infrastructure and engineering professionals.

More than 300 delegates from around South Africa were treated to two days of in-depth and world-class presentations delivered by 18 international and 17 local experts on issues relating to plastic piping, water infrastructure and engineering courtesy of the Plastic Pipe Conference Association (PPCA) who sponsored the best speakers of the recent PIPES XVIII conference in Berlin last year, to present in South Africa in a spin-off conference.

According to the PPCA’s Zoran Davidovski, they have had six spin-off conferences around the world since the first one was hosted in Beijing in 2009. “Just as connections are vital in the pipe industry, so too are the connections made between people and professionals in this field, and for this reason we are pleased to see the South African industry so well represented as this year’s conference,” he said, stressing the importance of attending and hosting international conferences.

“Survival needs invention, and the best way to be inspired and to learn is by allowing yourself to be educated and your mind stretched by learning from your local and international peers”.

Highlights of the conference included a keynote address by guest speaker and well-known economist, Dr Roelof Botha, who looked into his proverbial crystal ball to predict whether or not the state capture will force the South African economy into a recession.  Botha offered a closer look at the socio-political landscape of the country and how this would impact the local economy and the plastic pipe industry specifically.

“The next 18 months will be turbulent, but this doesn’t mean there won’t be opportunities for growth.  What we are currently experiencing in our country is a deepening of a democracy. It is important for us to invest in skills transfer, public-private partnerships and to restore the functionality of our leadership.  With effective leadership, smart policies and team work, there can still be a bright future for South Africa,” Botha encouraged.

Other speakers who presented include Tony Radoszewski (PPI in the USA) who presented on “Manufacturing and Infrastructure in the Age of Trump”, Bruce Hollands (PVC Pipe Association in the USA) on “Life cycle assessment of PVC water and sewer pipe and a comparative sustainability analysis of pipe materials”, and Dr Andreas Frank (Polymer Competence Centre in Austria) on “Lifetime prediction of PE100 pipes based on slow crack growth resistance,” to name but a few.

When asked what they thought of this year’s PIPES XI conference and whether or not it had benefitted them to attend, the delegates were very outspoken and full of praise for the level of expertise of the presenters.

“This was a high quality conference with excellent networking opportunities,” said Charl Fourie, Technical Manager at Chemsystems.

“It was a great platform for learning and interacting with my South African and international peers. I was very impressed,” said Neo Mekgoe, Marketing Assistant at Safripol.

“I will definitely attend SAPPMA’s PIPES conferences in future.  I highly recommend it to anyone! I really enjoyed the last two days and learned a lot,” said Werner van Huysteen, Sales Manager at Alprene Plastic Products.

“It was amazing to have these world leaders who are considered to be the guru’s in the field on South African turf and presenting to us. Attending their presentations at international conferences is almost an economic impossibility for South Africans, but having these calibre of speakers here and at such an affordable rate was an opportunity that nobody should have missed,” said George Dilliyannis, Technical Support Engineer at Safripol.

SAPPMA CEO Jan Venter said the PIPES XI conference once again highlighted the importance of pipes and pipelines in civilization and infrastructure. “Water distribution, waste disposal, irrigation and telecommunications all rely on pipelines to function. An extensive network of reliable water and sewage pipelines are essential for establishment and growth of civilization.  Although we find ourselves operating in a tough business climate and the economic recovery has not been what we hoped it would be, the importance of what we are do remains undiminished.  We take a long term view on these things, and will continue to fight for maintaining the standards and integrity of the plastic pipes being manufactured and installed locally,” Venter said.

Davidovski concluded the conference by saying that it is clear that South Africa faces many challenges and resistance to change. However, technology it is encouraging to see that despite this, the technology employed in the manufacturing of plastic pipes is increasing both the quality and the quantity of drinking water to the country and its people.

“Much of the presentations delivered at this conference centred around sustainability and invention.  It is important to remember that these are never cast in concrete... We look forward to seeing what will come out of SAPPMA’s PIPES XII Conference next year, and will continue to keep a watchful and expectant eye on the South African plastic pipe industry which has proved itself to be tenacious, committed to excellence and passionate about raising standards,” Davidovski said.

For more information about this year’s PIPES XI conference, visit www.pipesxiconference.co.za or www.sappma.co.za

SAPPMA’s (Southern African Plastic Pipe Manufacturers Association) PIPES XI Conference that took place at Emperors Palace in Gauteng this past week (4-5 September 2017) has set the bar high for the future of South Africa’s water infrastructure and engineering professionals.

More than 300 delegates from around South Africa were treated to two days of in-depth and world-class presentations delivered by 18 international and 17 local experts on issues relating to plastic piping, water infrastructure and engineering courtesy of the Plastic Pipe Conference Association (PPCA) who sponsored the best speakers of the recent PIPES XVIII conference in Berlin last year, to present in South Africa in a spin-off conference.

According to the PPCA’s Zoran Davidovski, they have had six spin-off conferences around the world since the first one was hosted in Beijing in 2009. “Just as connections are vital in the pipe industry, so too are the connections made between people and professionals in this field, and for this reason we are pleased to see the South African industry so well represented as this year’s conference,” he said, stressing the importance of attending and hosting international conferences.

“Survival needs invention, and the best way to be inspired and to learn is by allowing yourself to be educated and your mind stretched by learning from your local and international peers”.

Highlights of the conference included a keynote address by guest speaker and well-known economist, Dr Roelof Botha, who looked into his proverbial crystal ball to predict whether or not the state capture will force the South African economy into a recession.  Botha offered a closer look at the socio-political landscape of the country and how this would impact the local economy and the plastic pipe industry specifically.

“The next 18 months will be turbulent, but this doesn’t mean there won’t be opportunities for growth.  What we are currently experiencing in our country is a deepening of a democracy. It is important for us to invest in skills transfer, public-private partnerships and to restore the functionality of our leadership.  With effective leadership, smart policies and team work, there can still be a bright future for South Africa,” Botha encouraged.

Other speakers who presented include Tony Radoszewski (PPI in the USA) who presented on “Manufacturing and Infrastructure in the Age of Trump”, Bruce Hollands (PVC Pipe Association in the USA) on “Life cycle assessment of PVC water and sewer pipe and a comparative sustainability analysis of pipe materials”, and Dr Andreas Frank (Polymer Competence Centre in Austria) on “Lifetime prediction of PE100 pipes based on slow crack growth resistance,” to name but a few.

When asked what they thought of this year’s PIPES XI conference and whether or not it had benefitted them to attend, the delegates were very outspoken and full of praise for the level of expertise of the presenters. 

“This was a high quality conference with excellent networking opportunities,” said Charl Fourie, Technical Manager at Chemsystems.

“It was a great platform for learning and interacting with my South African and international peers. I was very impressed,” said Neo Mekgoe, Marketing Assistant at Safripol.

“I will definitely attend SAPPMA’s PIPES conferences in future.  I highly recommend it to anyone! I really enjoyed the last two days and learned a lot,” said Werner van Huysteen, Sales Manager at Alprene Plastic Products.

“It was amazing to have these world leaders who are considered to be the guru’s in the field on South African turf and presenting to us. Attending their presentations at international conferences is almost an economic impossibility for South Africans, but having these calibre of speakers here and at such an affordable rate was an opportunity that nobody should have missed,” said George Dilliyannis, Technical Support Engineer at Safripol.

SAPPMA CEO Jan Venter said the PIPES XI conference once again highlighted the importance of pipes and pipelines in civilization and infrastructure. “Water distribution, waste disposal, irrigation and telecommunications all rely on pipelines to function. An extensive network of reliable water and sewage pipelines are essential for establishment and growth of civilization.  Although we find ourselves operating in a tough business climate and the economic recovery has not been what we hoped it would be, the importance of what we are do remains undiminished.  We take a long term view on these things, and will continue to fight for maintaining the standards and integrity of the plastic pipes being manufactured and installed locally,” Venter said.

Davidovski concluded the conference by saying that it is clear that South Africa faces many challenges and resistance to change. However, technology it is encouraging to see that despite this, the technology employed in the manufacturing of plastic pipes is increasing both the quality and the quantity of drinking water to the country and its people.

“Much of the presentations delivered at this conference centred around sustainability and invention.  It is important to remember that these are never cast in concrete... We look forward to seeing what will come out of SAPPMA’s PIPES XII Conference next year, and will continue to keep a watchful and expectant eye on the South African plastic pipe industry which has proved itself to be tenacious, committed to excellence and passionate about raising standards,” Davidovski said.

For more information about this year’s PIPES XI conference, visit www.pipesxiconference.co.za or www.sappma.co.za

Water leakage and non-revenue water have become two of the biggest problems facing municipalities around South Africa in recent years. Under the leadership of André Kowalewski, Senior Engineer: Water Services, and in line with their vision of being a “City of Excellence” the Drakenstein Local Municipality in Paarl, Western Cape, began a 20-year master plan to replace old or aging asbestos pipes with HDPE pipes, thereby allowing them to achieve significant successes in reducing water loss throughout the municipal area. 

Background to the problem

Ever-increasing water losses in the Drakenstein Municipality were surpassing demand growth. By 1999, the water losses stood at 34% and were increasing, thereby forcing them to investigate the reasons for the high water losses and find ways to mitigate these on a broader front. 

The municipality began prioritising projects that included pipe replacements, the replacement of bulk and domestic water meters, pressure management, leak detection and repair, public awareness and upgrading information and management tools. Reaction time to attend to burst pipes was also reduced to less than one hour.  These initiatives have brought water losses down to an average of 16% – and 11% at its lowest. 

The lower losses enabled the municipality to delay the construction of reservoirs and large pipelines for several years. There was also a decrease in the occurrence of burst pipes. However, the reduction in residual pressures in various pressure zones had the biggest water saving effect. 

Replacing aging pipes with HDPE Pipes 

The municipality has placed significant emphasis on replacing 14.2 km of old asbestos pipes with new HDPE pipes, at a value of R120 million. 

“Prior to embarking on the project, we carefully compared steel pipes with HDPE pipes. We were fully convinced that the latter offered us significant more advantages and impressive cost saving benefits. Taking the life cycle of the HDPE pipe as a material into account, it surpasses most other pipe materials. The pipes can also handle the fluctuation in water pressure and flow characteristics within the pipe design limits better than any other flexible pipe systems. If correctly designed, and with proper installation, an HDPE system – together with the fittings – will provide the lowest maintenance compared to any other pipe material system,” Kowalewski explains.He adds that the most attractive advantage of HDPE is a pipe system without pipe joints. “We no longer have the issue of corrosion, failing joints or costly maintenance issues due to downtime, as most of the fittings used in HDPE systems are moulded out of polyethylene material. 

Other fittings used by the municipality include flanges and tee-pieces predominately manufactured using grade 316 stainless steel. 

“The philosophy behind the use of a high-grade material is to have a total system where the pipe material and fittings, when used together, will guarantee a useful operating life that surpasses 50 years. It means that the chemical resistance and durability of the fittings must be the same as those of the pipes,” states Kowalewski. 

Tests and calculations done on HDPE have shown that the pipe material’s useful lifespan runs up to 100 years. In addition to this, HDPE is the most popular pipe material to use when replacing pipes using trenchless construction methods, and downtime due to repairs on pipes is no longer an issue. 

Insisting on SAPPMA and IFPA certification 

“Workmanship is very important when it comes to the manufacturing of HDPE pipes,” Kowalewski says. He explains that they’ve had incidents in the past where pipes not bearing a mark of quality fails soon after installation.  

“It is almost impossible to identify whether or not a pipe is of inferior quality prior to installation and purely based on appearances. However, we have learned through trial and error and the school of hard knocks that unless a pipe bears a SAPPMA mark, it will not meet the quality standards of certification bodies such as the SABS or SATAS.” 

“For this reason, we have changed our tender specifications by insisting that all suppliers of HDPE pipes are members of SAPPMA, and that all welders and installers of the pipelines are IFPA certified.  When we see the SAPPMA mark on the pipes of the IFPA stamp on the welds, we know that the pipeline will stand the test of time and that we have recourse if it fails to deliver,” he concludes. 

For more information, visit www.sappma.co.za 

Sources
André Kowalewski
Senior Engineer:
Water Services, the Drakenstein Local Municipality,
Paarl Western Cape (www.drakenstsein.gov.za)

Danielle Petterson, 3S Media (www.3smedia.co.za)